A Letter from 400+ World Scientists on Advancing Responsible Research and Development of Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal
Society must advance responsible research, development, and field testing of ocean-based carbon dioxide removal techniques to determine their potential to help restore the climate and the ocean.
Current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused primarily by the production and use of fossil fuels are substantially higher than at any point in the last 800,000 years. These current levels have warmed the planet by about 1.1 degrees Celsius on average, with much higher increases in the polar regions. The planet is now seeing devastating effects across Earth systems—perhaps most significantly in our ocean—highlighting the urgency for increased action on climate change.
The ocean has buffered humanity and the biosphere to date from the worst effects of climate disruption by absorbing more than 90 percent of the excess heat trapped on the planet by greenhouse gases and about 26 percent of all carbon dioxide pollution that otherwise would be in the air. But this has come at a great cost. The ocean is experiencing unprecedented destabilizing changes through massive warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and a host of resulting effects. These changes are further undermining the overall stability of our global climate, which is inextricably linked to ocean processes and functions.
Stopping warming requires that we reduce current and future emissions of greenhouse gases at unprecedented rates. This “decarbonization” of our society is an enormous, multi-faceted undertaking that must continue to be of the highest priority and requires significantly increased resources and attention.
At the same time that this essential work of emissions reductions continues, we must also pursue additional solutions that can safely reduce the impacts and outcomes of climate change, including “carbon dioxide removal,” or cleaning up the legacy carbon dioxide pollution trapped in the atmosphere.
The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has made clear that large-scale carbon dioxide removal is needed this century to stay below or return to the 1.5 degrees Celsius warming threshold — the goal set out in the Paris Agreement. Carbon dioxide removal is the only tool that can remove the legacy carbon dioxide pollution that otherwise will stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, continuing its debilitating effects in the ocean and on the planet.
Carbon dioxide removal refers to a variety of natural and engineered methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the upper layer of the ocean, and safely store it in geologic reservoirs, in the ocean, or in products. These techniques range from tree planting and soil carbon sequestration practices to industrial processes that filter carbon out of the air and store it underground.
Less well-known and understood are a range of options that rely on the vast potential of the ocean to absorb and store carbon from the atmosphere. These include nature-based approaches like coastal ecosystem restoration, to nature-inspired approaches such as ocean alkalinity enhancement and direct ocean removal.
The ocean is the largest exchangeable carbon reservoir on the planet; the ocean’s carbon content is fifty times larger than what is in the atmosphere. Its sheer size also means that ocean-based climate solutions can be scaled to significantly mitigate climate risk.
While ocean-based carbon dioxide removal approaches have enormous potential, there are also risks. Society does not yet have nearly enough information about the effectiveness or impacts of any specific approach and so cannot make informed decisions about their use at scale. There is an urgent need to accelerate responsible research, field testing, and monitoring to determine which may ultimately be safe, equitable, and viable. Achieving this goal requires coordination across many sectors, geographies, and cultures.
Given the urgency of climate action, we collectively call for a collaborative and intensive research portfolio for:
accelerated engineering and environmental optimization of each potential ocean-based carbon removal pathway; and
controlled field trials of each pathway in diverse ocean settings to evaluate the efficacy, impacts, and operational requirements in a real-world environment and provide needed information to society.
Testing and trials must be accompanied by:
rigorous and transparent monitoring and evaluation frameworks to measure environmental, social, and economic effects;
third-party independent review of results;
safeguards to mitigate any unintended or adverse consequences;
inclusive governance structures that deliver transparency and engagement for all interested parties; and
global collaboration and data sharing similar to what emerged during COVID-19.
We must work together as quickly as possible to advance essential science so that we know as soon as possible whether ocean-based carbon dioxide removal approaches are viable mitigation pathways to reduce climate risk for this and future generations.
The ocean supports an incredibly rich diversity of life on the planet. It also provides food, livelihoods, and cultural and spiritual values that sustain humanity. It plays a dominant role in climate and weather regulation. For the sake of our children, their children, and all the other life forms on this beautiful blue planet, we are called to do everything in our power to arrest and reverse the climate crisis–including looking to the ocean to continue to sustain and restore our world.
Dr. Allan Adams, Aquatic Labs, United States of America
Dr. Kwasi Appeaning Addo, University of Ghana, Ghana
Dr. Avanti Acharya, 1010 Solutions, India
Dr. Andrews Agyekumhene, University of Ghana, Ghana
Dr. Clark Alexander, University of Georgia, United States of America
Dr. Joan Alfaro-Lucas, University of Victoria, Canada
Dr. Mike Allen, Seaweed Generation, England
Dr. Evangelos Alevizos, Nantes Université, France
Dr. Thorben Amann, Universität Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Dror Angel, University of Haifa, Israel
Dr. Brian Kenneth Arbic, University of Michigan, United States of America
Dr. Javier Aristegui, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Dr. Kevin Arrigo, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Eunice Konadu Asamoah, University of Ghana, Ghana
Dr. Jeanine Ash, Capture6, United States of America
Dr. Philipp Assmy, Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway
Dr. Asta Audzijonyte, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Romina Avila, Surfrider Foundation Europe, Spain
Dr. Peyman Babakhani, University of Leeds, England
Dr. Lennart Bach, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Andrew Baker, University of Miami, United States of America
Dr. Maria Baker, University of Southampton, England
Dr. Wokil Bam, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Gilbert Barnabé, Université de Montpellier, France
Dr. Phoebe Barnard, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. James Barry, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America
Dr. Mark A. Barry, Pro-Oceanus Systems, Canada
Dr. Daniela Basso, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Dr. Sapna Batish, Cool Blue Ocean, India
Dr. Kohen Bauer, University of Victoria, Canada
Dr. Timothy Baumgartner, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Mexico
Dr. Silvia Becagli, University of Florence, Italy
Dr. Amani Becker, National Oceanography Centre, England
Dr. Nina Bednarsek, National Institute of Biology, Slovenia
Dr. Michael Beman, University of California at Merced, United States of America
Dr. Anna Belcher, British Antarctic Survery, England
Dr. Tom Bell, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Thomas Bell, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, England
Dr. Richard Bellerby, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Norway
Dr. Jessica Bellworthy, University of Haifa, Israel
Dr. Heather Benway, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. David Bercovici, Yale University, United States of America
Dr. Rick Berg, NORI, United States of America
Dr. Carla F. Berghoff, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina
Dr. Kim Bernard, Oregon State University, South Africa
Dr. Emanuele Bigagli, Wageningen University, Greece
Dr. Pedram Bigdelou, Carbon America, United States of America
Dr. Jelle Bijma, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany
Dr. Akhil Biju, 1010 Solutions, India
Dr. David Blakeway, Fathom 5 Marine Research, Australia
Dr. Helen Bostock, University of Queensland, New Zealand
Dr. Benjamin Osei Botwe, University of Ghana, Ghana
Dr. Philip Boyd, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Annalisa Bracco, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
Dr. Hal Bradbury, University of British Columbia, Canada
Dr. Philip Bresnahan, University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States of America
Dr. Ellen Briggs, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. Damon Britton, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Deborah Bronk, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science, United States of America
Dr. Kristen Brown, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
Dr. Clifton Buck, University of Georgia, United States of America
Dr. Ken Buesseler, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Juan Buceta, Pronoe, France
Dr. Wil Burns, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy at American University, United States of America
Dr. Will Burt, Planetary Technologies, Canada
Dr. Seth Bushinsky, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. B. B. Cael, National Oceanography Centre, England
Dr. Ken Caldeira, Carnegie Institution for Science, United States of America
Dr. Iria Gimenez Calvo, The Hakai Institute, Spain
Dr. David Caress, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America
Dr. Craig Carlson, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America
Dr. Brendan R. Carter, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. Meg Chadsey, Washington Sea Grant, United States of America
Dr. Fei Chai, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Sifang Chen, Carbon180, United States of America
Dr. Abhiroop Chowdhury, Jindal Global University, India
Dr. Sophie Chu, Captura, United States of America
Dr. Vincent Clementi, Rutgers University, United States of America
Dr. Daniel Codiga, Runningtide, United States of America
Dr. Steeve Comeau, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Sorbonne Université, France
Dr. Liza Comita, Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, United States of America
Dr. Perran Cook, Monash University, Australia
Dr. Stuart Corney, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Christopher Edward Cornwall, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Dr. Chelsie Counsell, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, United States of America
Dr. Heidi Cullen, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America
Dr. Leticia Cotrim Da Cunha, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Dr. Tyler Cyronak, Georgia Southern University, United States of America
Dr. Nele Dageförde, TransMarTech Schleswig-Holstein GmbH, Germany
Dr. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Bryce Van Dam, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Germany
Dr. Daniel Dauhajre, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
Dr. Neil Davies, UC Berkeley Gump Station, French Polynesia
Dr. Kristen A. Davis, University of California at Irvine, United States of America
Dr. Thomas DeCarlo, Hawaiʻi Pacific University, United States of America
Dr. Sylvain Delerce, Carbon Gap, France
Dr. Walter Dellisanti, University of Copenhagen, Italy
Dr. Aditi Deshpande, Northeastern University, United States of America
Dr. Dan Deviri, CarbonBlue, Israel
Dr. Erica Dodds, Climate Base, United States of America
Dr. Iovino Dorotea, Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy
Dr. Alistair Dove, Georgia Aquarium, United States of America
Dr. Rob Dunbar, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Phillip Dustan, College of Charleston, United States of America
Dr. Matthew Eisaman, Yale University, United States of America
Dr. Isa Elegbede, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Germany
Dr. Joshua Elliott, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, United States of America
Dr. Michael Elliott, University of Hull, England
Dr. Franziska Elmer, Seafields, Switzerland
Dr. David Emerson, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, United States
Dr. Steven Emerson, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. Alan Emery, Kivu Nature Inc., Canada
Dr. Jon Erlandson, University of Oregon, United States of America
Dr. Claudia Jeannette Perez Estrada, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mexico
Dr. Jiasong Fang, Hawaiʻi Pacific University, United States of America
Dr. Guilia Faucher, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. Beatriz Fernandez, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Dr. Mar Fernández-Méndez, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany
Dr. Peter Fiekowsky, Climate Restoration Safety & Governance Board, United States of America
Dr. Moacyr Cunha de Araujo Filho, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
Dr. José Eduardo Martinelli Filho, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil
Dr. Helen Findlay, Plymouth Marine Laborator, England
Dr. Shaun Fitzgerald, Centre for Climate Repair at University of Cambridge, England
Dr. Charles "Chip" H. Fletcher III, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. Spyros Foteinis, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland
Dr. Steven Gaines, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America
Dr. Antonius Gagern, Carbon To Sea, United States of America
Dr. Eric Galbraith, McGill University, Canada
Dr. Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spain
Dr. Michael Garrick, University at Buffalo, United States of America
Dr. Dennis Garrity, Global EverGreening Alliance, Kenya
Dr. Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Sorbonne Université, France
Dr. Matthijs van der Geest, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
Dr. Sonja Geilert, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Dr. Kimberly Gilbert, Carbon To Sea, United States of America
Dr. Sophie Gill, Isometric, England
Dr. Jayashree Ghosh, University of East Anglia, England
Dr. Thomas Goreau, Global Coral Reef Alliance, United States of America
Dr. Patricia Grasse, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
Dr. Gretchen Grebe, University of Chicago Marine Biological Laboratory, United States of America
Dr. Charles Greene, University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, United States of America
Dr. Alyssa Griffin, University of California at Davis, United States of America
Dr. Michal Grossowicz, GIGA, Israel
Dr. Ove Hough Guldberg, University of Queensland, Australia
Dr. Tamar Guy-Haim, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Israel
Dr. Sebastian Haas, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. Mathilde Hagens, Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands
Dr. Michelle Hale, University of Portsmouth, England
Dr. Svenja Halfter, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand
Dr. Paul Halloran, University of Exeter, England
Dr. Isa Adekunle Hamid-Mosaku, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Dr. Douglas Hamilton, North Carolina State University, United States of America
Dr. Xiqiu Han, Second Institute of Oceanography, China
Dr. Dennis Arthur Hansell, University of Miami, United States of America
Dr. James Hansen, Columbia University, United States of America
Dr. T. Alan Hatton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America
Dr. Jens Hartmann, Universität Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Michael Harte, Oregon State University, United States of America
Dr. Mohammed Hashim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Zeke Hausfather, Stripe, United States of America
Dr. Helena Hauss, Norce Research, Norway
Dr. Jing He, Isometric, United States of America
Dr. Carl Helrich, Goshen College, United States of America
Dr. Lenaïg Hemery, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, France
Dr. Jim Hench, Duke University, United States of America
Dr. Albert Hermann, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, United States of America
Dr. Harry Hilser, University of Exeter, England
Dr. David Ho, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. Michael F. Hochella, Jr., Virginia Tech, United States of America
Dr. Linn Hoffmann, University of Otago, United States of America
Dr. Achim Hoffmann, Woxon, England
Dr. Max Holloway, Brilliant Planet, Scotland
Dr. Gi Hoon Hong, East China Normal University, China
Dr. François Houllier, French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, France
Dr. Julie Huber, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Christopher W Hunt, University of New Hampshire, United States of America
Dr. Catriona L. Hurd, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Aileen Tan Shai Hwai, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Robert Izett, Planetary Technologies, Canada
Dr. Catherine Jadot, Blue Ocean Future, Belgium
Dr. Li-Qing Jiang, University of Maryland, United States of America
Dr. Zong-Pei Jiang, Zhejiang University, China
Dr. Nianzhi Jiao, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Tim Jennerjahn, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Germany
Dr. Seth John, University of Southern California, United States of America
Dr. Kenneth S. Johnson, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Dr. Samantha B. Joye, University of Georgia, United States of America
Dr. Amanda Kahn, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, United States of America
Dr. James Kairo, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kenya
Dr. Krista Kamer, California State University at Monterey Bay, United States of America
Dr. Alicia Karspeck, [C]Worthy, United States of America
Dr. Joachim Katchinoff, Yale University, United States of America
Dr. Kelly Kearney, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. David P. Keller, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. Marc von Keitz, Grantham Foundation, United States of America
Dr. Waseem Razzaq Khan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Rainer Kiko, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. Heather Kim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Sir David King, Climate Crisis Advisory Group, England
Dr. Vassilis Kitidis, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, England
Dr. Christine Klass, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany
Dr. Melanie Kolb, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Dr. John W. Koster, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America
Dr. David Koweek, Ocean Visions, United States of America
Dr. Frauke Kracke, Stripe, United States of America
Dr. Kristy Kroeker, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America
Dr. Jitender Kumar, Physical Research Laboratory, India
Dr. Karin Kvale, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, New Zealand
Dr. Zouhair Lachkar, NYU Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Dr. Angela Manekuor Lamptey, University of Ghana, Ghana
Dr. Christopher Langdon, University of Miami, United States of America
Dr. John Largier, University of California at Davis, United States of America
Dr. Steve Larter, University of Calgary, Canada
Dr. Lieve Laurens, National Renewable Energy Lab, United States of America
Dr. Samantha Lavender, Pixalytics Ltd, England
Dr. Louis Legendre, Sorbonne University, France
Dr. Nadine Lehmann, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Margaret Leinen, Scripps Oceanography, United States of America
Dr. Li Li, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Jianghui Li, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Shenghui Li, Guangdong Ocean University, China
Dr. Chin Yik Lin, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
Dr. Yajuan Lin, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, United States of America
Dr. Jihua Liu, Shandong University, China
Dr. Matt Long, [C]Worthy, United States of America
Dr. Celeste López-Abbate, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Argentina
Dr. Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Brown University, United States of America
Dr. Susan Lozier, Georgia Tech, United States of America
Dr. Phil De Luna, Deep Sky, Canada
Dr. Parker MacCready, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. Cara Maesano, Rocky Mountain Institute, United States of America
Dr. Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, India
Dr. Edem Mahu, University of Ghana, Ghana
Dr. Thulani Makhalanyane, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Dr. Thomas Kiran Marella, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Dr. Arun Majumdar, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Ahmed Makaoui, Institut National De Recherche Halieutique, Morocco
Dr. Robert Marsh, University of Southampton, England
Dr. Tanya Marshall, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Dr. Ali Mashayek, University of Cambridge, England
Dr. Baker Matovu, UNESCO, Uganda
Dr. Dennis McGillicuddy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Jacqueline McGlade, University College London, England
Dr. Galen McKinley, Columbia University, United States of America
Dr. Cameron McLeod, University of Sheffield, England
Dr. Erika McPhee-Shaw, Western Washington University, United States of America
Dr. James C. McWilliams, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
Dr. Melissa Melendez, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. Marcelo Mena, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
Dr. Pedro de Jesus Mendes, Sinkco Labs, Portugal
Dr. Rafael Méndez-Tejeda, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Carolina, Puerto Rico
Dr. Peter de Menocal, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Fiorenza Micheli, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Jack Middelburg, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Dr. Matthew Mills, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Klas Ove Möller, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Germany
Dr. Stephen Monismith, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. David Moore, formerly The University of Manchester, England
Dr. Stephen Monismith, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Erika Montague, Schmidt Marine Technology Partners, United States of America
Dr. Kate Moran, Ocean Networks Canada, Canada
Dr. Ramaiah Nagappa, formerly National Institute of Oceanography, India
Dr. Sara Nawaz, American University, United States of America
Dr. David Nicholson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Kerry J. Nickols, Ocean Visions, United States of America
Dr. Jun Nishioka, Hokkaido University, Japan
Dr. Jochen Nuester, California State University at Chico, United States of America
Dr. Chioma Nwakanma, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria
Dr. Mark Osborne, University of Sussex, England
Dr. Andreas Oschlies, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. Hazel Oxenford, University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, Barbados
Dr. Jaime B. Palter, University of Rhode Island, United States of America
Dr. Juan Patino-Martinez, Maio Biodiversity Foundation, Cape Verde
Dr. Christopher Pearce, National Oceanography Centre, England
Dr. Gretta Pecl, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Miriam Philippi, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany
Dr. Darren Pilcher, University of Washington, United States of America
Dr. Alex Poulton, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland
Dr. Di Qi, Jimei University, China
Dr. Zachary Quinlan, University of California at San Diego, United States of America
Dr. Steve Rackley, Planetary Technologies, Canada
Dr. Kilaparti Ramakrishna, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Guido Raos, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Dr. Greg H. Rau, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America
Dr. Morgan Raven, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America
Dr. Pete Raymond, Yale University, United States of America
Dr. Ralph Rayner, London School of Economics, England
Dr. Gregor Rehder, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemmünde, Germany
Dr. Gert-Jan Reichart, Dutch the Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee, Netherlands
Dr. Christopher Reinhard, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
Dr. Phil Renforth, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland
Dr. Marisol Garcia-Reyes, Farallon Institute, Mexico
Dr. Aurora M Ricart, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Spain
Dr. Philippa Rickard, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland
Dr. Ulf Riebesell, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. Justin Baker Ries, Northeastern University, United States of America
Dr. Mallory Ringham, Stony Brook University, United States of America
Dr. Elliott G. Roberts, University of Delaware, United States of America
Dr. Andrew P. Roberts, Australian National University, Australia
Dr. Bruce Robison, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America
Dr. Carol Robinson, University of East Anglia, England
Dr. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America
Dr. Regina R. Rodrigues, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Dr. Paul Rouse, Imperial College London, England
Dr. Mohammad Rozaimi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Ranjeet Sabale, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering Management & Research, India
Dr. Christopher Sabine, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. Saroj Kumar Sahu, Utkal University, India
Dr. Gaurav N. Sant, University of California at Los Angeles, United States of America
Dr. Niloufar Sarvian, Marble, France
Dr. Aprameya Satish, Georgia Tech Research Institute, United States of America
Dr. Anna Savage, Runningtide, United States of America
Dr. Marie-Lise Schlaeppy, The University of Western Australia, Australia
Dr. Adam Schlenger, Nexus Global, United States of America
Dr. Martin Scherwath, University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada
Dr. Sarah Schlunegger, Princeton University, United States of America
Dr. Raymond W. Schmitt, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Chris Scholin, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, United States of America
Dr. Max Schubert, Grantham Foundation, United States of America
Dr. Kai Schulz, Southern Cross University, United States of America
Dr. Michael R. Schuppenhauer, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States of America
Dr. Pablo Serret, University of Vigo, Spain
Dr. Norma Patricia Munoz Sevilla, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
Dr. Nicolas Garcia Seyda, La Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias, Spain
Dr. Mukul Sharma, Dartmouth College, United States of America
Dr. Yuan Shen, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Dalin Shi, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Yunne Shin, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France
Dr. Gyami Shrestha, Lynker, United States of America
Dr. Nyssa J Silbiger, California State University at Northridge, United States of America
Dr. Vishal Singh, Indian Institute of Technology at Banaras Hindu University, India
Dr. David Siegel, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States of America
Dr. Jim Silliman, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, United States of America
Dr. Arvind Singh, Physical Research Laboratory, India
Dr. Sambit Singh, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, India
Dr. Gregory Sinnett, Walter Munk Foundation for the Oceans, United States of America
Dr. Wayne Slade, Sequoia Scientific, Inc., United States of America
Dr. Duncan Smallman, Seaweed Generation, Scotland
Dr. Ingrid Smet, Fieldcode, University States of America
Dr. Immaculate Sware Semesi, Tanzania Marine Parks and Reserves Unit, Tanzania
Dr. Alexandra Skrivanek, Schmidt Futures, United States of America
Dr. Victor Smetacek, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar & Marine Research, Germany
Dr. Sarah R. Smith, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, United States of America
Dr. Jennifer Smith, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, United States of America
Dr. Geoff Smith, Specto Natura, England
Dr. Pablo Sobron, Impossible Sensing, Spain
Dr. Salman Masoudi Soltani, Brunel University, England
Dr. Mariana Rocha de Souza, Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology
Dr. Arun Kumar Sridharan, Nualgi Nanobiotech, India
Dr. Lars Stemman, Sorbonne University, France
Dr. Josh Steinberg, CarbonBlue, Israel
Dr. Jeffrey Stoike, Blue Action Lab, United States of America
Dr. Elizabeth Strain, University of Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Tanja Stratmann, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Netherlands
Dr. Malte Stuecker, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, United States of America
Dr. Adam V. Subhas, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Ichiko Sugiyama, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Appalanaidu Sura, National Center for Coastal Research, India
Dr. Curtis Suttle, University of British Columbia, Canada
Dr. Mariam Swaleh, Technical University of Mombasa, Kenya
Dr. Steffen Swoboda, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. Fernando González Taboada, AZTI, Spain
Dr. Veronica Tamsitt, Submarine, United States of America
Dr. Edwina Tanner, Ocean Nourishment Corporation, Australia
Dr. Jan Taucher, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
Dr. John Taylor, University of Cambridge, England
Dr. Caroline Thaler, Marble, France
Dr. Pavel Tishchenko, Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Russia
Dr. Janice Trotte-Duha, Brazilian Naval School, Brazil
Dr. Alison Tune, Runningtide, United States of America
Dr. Brendan Turley, University of Miami, United States of America
Dr. Kendra Turk-Kubo, University of California at Santa Cruz, United States of America
Dr. Benjamin S. Twining, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, United States of America
Dr. Koenraad Vanhoutte, Navicula Group, Belgium
Dr. Carlos A. Vargas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Dr. Jose Adán Caballero Vázquez, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mexico
Dr. Devi Veytia, Centre for the Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity, France
Dr. Ligia Collado Vides, Florida International University, United States of America
Dr. Maria-Elena Vorrath, Universität Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Bastienne Vriesendorp, Leiden University, Netherlands
Dr. Anya Waite, Dalhousie University, Canada
Dr. Ian Walsh, Ocean Based Climate Solutions, Inc., United States of America
Dr. Nathan Walworth, Vesta, United States of America
Dr. Zhaohui Aleck Wang, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Qing Wang, Jinan University, China
Dr. Wei-Lei Wang, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Yuntao Wang, Second Institute of Oceanography, China
Dr. Michael Wara, Stanford University, United States of America
Dr. Brian Ward, University of Galway, Ireland
Dr. Christine Ward-Paige, eOceans, Canada
Dr. Jay Werber, University of Toronto, Canada
Dr. Francis Wiese, Santec, United States of America
Dr. Susan E Wijffels, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
Dr. Yingxu Wu, Jimei University, China
Dr. Eleuterio Yanez, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
Dr. Yufeng Yang, Jinan University, China
Dr. Andrew Yool, National Oceanography Centre, England
Dr. Joo-Eun Yoon, Centre for Climate Repair at University of Cambridge, England
Dr. Wei Xie, Sun Yat-sen University, China
Dr. Peng Xiu, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Yuanyuan Xu, Planetary Technologies, Canada
Dr. Jihong Zhang, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
Dr. Yongyu Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Dr. Yongyu Zhang, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, China
Dr. Kuanbo Zhou, Xiamen University, China
Dr. Linbin Zhou, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Dr. Martin Zimmer, Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung, Germany
Sign The Letter
Thank you for your interest in signing the letter. All submissions will be reviewed to confirm that PhD eligibility requirements are met.
About
The science letter is supported by Ocean Visions, a non-profit organization that advances solutions for ocean-climate restoration.